Research Classes
Peptides and related research compounds can be organized according to the biological systems and signaling pathways they are designed to investigate. A single compound may fit into more than one category. The categories below are intended to make the Apex Research Library easier to understand.
METABOLIC & INCRETIN RESEARCH
This category includes compounds investigated for their interaction with metabolic hormones and receptors involved in nutrient signaling.
– GLP-1: involved in glucose-dependent insulin signaling, appetite regulation, gastric activity, and metabolic communication.
– GIP: participates in metabolic and insulin-related signaling.
– Glucagon: involved in glucose regulation and energy metabolism.
Apex Examples
- Semaglutide
- Tirzepatide
- Retatrutide
- Cagrilintide
- Survodutide
- AOD-9604
GROWTH HORMONE AXIS
The growth-hormone axis involves communication between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, growth hormone, and downstream signaling such as IGF-1.
– GHRH receptors
– Growth-hormone secretagogue receptors
– Pituitary GH signaling
– GH / IGF-1 pathways
Apex Examples
- CJC-1295 No DAC
- Ipamorelin
- Sermorelin
- Tesamorelin
- CJC-1295 No DAC + Ipamorelin
REPAIR & CELLULAR SIGNALING
This group includes compounds investigated in experimental models involving tissue-response pathways, cellular migration, extracellular matrix biology, inflammatory signaling, and vascular responses.
– Fibroblast activity
– Angiogenic signaling
– Collagen biology
– Cellular migration
– Tissue-response pathways
– Gastrointestinal models
MITOCHONDRIAL & CELLULAR ENERGY RESEARCH
Mitochondria play a central role in cellular energy production and metabolic signaling.
– Mitochondrial membranes
– ATP production
– Cellular stress signaling
– Metabolic flexibility
– Oxidative processes
– Mitochondrial-derived signaling peptides
Apex Examples
- MOTS-C
- SS-31 / Elamipretide
- Humanin
- NAD+
NEUROLOGICAL & COGNITIVE RESEARCH
Neuropeptide research examines signaling within the brain and nervous system.
– Neurotransmitter signaling
– Stress-response pathways
– Neurotrophic factors
– Sleep biology
– Cognitive processes
– Neuroprotection
IMMUNE RESEARCH
Some peptides are investigated for their interaction with innate and adaptive iimmune signaling.
– T-cell activity
– Innate immune responses
– Cytokine signaling
– Antimicrobial pathways
– Inflammatory signaling
– Immune regulation
REPRODUCTIVE & MELANOCORTIN RESEARCH
This group covers peptide signaling associated with reproductive endocrinology and central melanocortin pathways.
– GnRH signaling
– LH and FSH release
– Kisspeptin receptors
– Melanocortin receptors
– Central nervous-system signaling
LONGEVITY & CELLULAR AGING RESEARCH
This category explores pathways associated with cellular aging, mitochondrial health, circadian biology, oxidative stress, and cellular resilience.
– Telomere biology
– Mitochondrial signaling
– Cellular stress responses
– Circadian signaling
– Age-associated metabolic changes
Apex Examples
- Epitalon / Epithalon
- MOTS-C
- Humanin
- SS-31
- NAD+
